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介绍

深度学习语义分割（Semantic Segmentation）是一种计算机视觉任务，它旨在将图像中的每个像素分类为预定义类别之一。与物体检测不同，后者通常只识别和定位图像中的目标对象边界框，语义分割要求对图像的每一个像素进行分类，以实现更精细的理解。这项技术在自动驾驶、医学影像分析、机器人视觉等领域有着广泛的应用。

深度学习语义分割的关键特点

• 像素级分类：对于输入图像的每一个像素点，模型都需要预测其属于哪个类别。
• 全局上下文理解：为了正确地分割复杂场景，模型需要考虑整个图像的内容及其上下文信息。
• 多尺度处理：由于目标可能出现在不同的尺度上，有效的语义分割方法通常会处理多种分辨率下的特征。

主要架构和技术

1. 全卷积网络 (FCN)：

   • FCN是最早的端到端训练的语义分割模型之一，它移除了传统CNN中的全连接层，并用卷积层替代，从而能够接受任意大小的输入并输出相同空间维度的概率图。

2. 跳跃连接 (Skip Connections)：

   • 为了更好地保留原始图像的空间细节，一些模型引入了跳跃连接，即从编码器部分直接传递特征到解码器部分，这有助于恢复细粒度的结构信息。

3. U-Net：

   • U-Net是一个专为生物医学图像分割设计的网络架构，它使用了对称的收缩路径（下采样）和扩展路径（上采样），以及丰富的跳跃连接来捕捉局部和全局信息。

4. DeepLab系列：

   • DeepLab采用了空洞/膨胀卷积（Atrous Convolution）来增加感受野而不减少特征图分辨率，并通过多尺度推理和ASPP模块（Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling）增强了对不同尺度物体的捕捉能力。

5. PSPNet (Pyramid Scene Parsing Network)：

   • PSPNet利用金字塔池化机制收集不同尺度的上下文信息，然后将其融合用于最终的预测。

6. RefineNet：

   • RefineNet强调了高分辨率特征的重要性，并通过一系列细化单元逐步恢复细节，确保输出高质量的分割结果。

7. HRNet (High-Resolution Network)：

   • HRNet在整个网络中保持了高分辨率的表示，同时通过多尺度融合策略有效地整合了低分辨率但富含语义的信息。

数据集和评价指标

常用的语义分割数据集包括PASCAL VOC、COCO、Cityscapes等。这些数据集提供了标注好的图像，用于训练和评估模型性能。

评价语义分割模型的标准通常包括：

• 像素准确率 (Pixel Accuracy)：所有正确分类的像素占总像素的比例。
• 平均交并比 (Mean Intersection over Union, mIoU)：这是最常用的评价指标之一，计算每个类别的IoU（交集除以并集），然后取平均值。
• 频率加权交并比 (Frequency Weighted IoU)：考虑每个类别的出现频率，对mIoU进行加权。

总结

随着硬件性能的提升和算法的进步，深度学习语义分割已经取得了显著的进展。现代模型不仅能在速度上满足实时应用的需求，还能提供非常精确的分割结果。未来的研究可能会集中在提高模型效率、增强跨域泛化能力以及探索无监督或弱监督的学习方法等方面。

FCN网络

FCN（Fully Convolutional Networks，全卷积网络）是一种用于计算机视觉任务的神经网络架构，尤其擅长处理像素级别的分类问题，例如语义分割。FCN 的核心思想是将传统的 CNN（卷积神经网络）中的全连接层替换为卷积层，这样可以接受任意大小的输入图像，并输出同样大小的概率图，其中每个像素点对应于该位置属于某个类别的概率。

FCN 的特点

1. 任意尺寸输入：由于没有全连接层的限制，FCN 可以处理任意尺寸的输入图像。
2. 端到端训练：FCN 支持从原始像素到最终预测结果的端到端训练，不需要预先提取特征或者分阶段训练。
3. 多尺度上下文信息：通过在不同层级使用跳跃结构（skip architecture），FCN 能够结合低层的精细空间信息和高层的语义信息，从而提升分割精度。

FCN 的工作原理

• 编码器部分：通常基于一个预训练好的分类网络（如 VGG、ResNet 等），移除掉最后的全连接层。这个部分负责提取图像特征，随着网络深度增加，感受野也逐渐扩大，能够捕捉到更大范围内的上下文信息。

• 解码器部分：这部分用来逐步恢复特征图的空间分辨率，直到与输入图像相同大小。这通常是通过上采样操作完成的，比如转置卷积（Deconvolution 或 Fractionally-strided convolution）。在这个过程中，可以加入来自编码器早期层的特征（即跳跃连接），来帮助保持细节。

• 跳跃连接（Skip Connections）：为了保留更多的位置信息，FCN 会将编码器中较早层的特征图与解码器中对应的层进行融合。这种做法有助于改善边界区域的分割效果。

FCN 的变体和发展

自 FCN 提出以来，出现了许多改进版本，包括但不限于：

• U-Net：一种具有对称的编码器-解码器结构的网络，广泛应用于医学图像分割领域。
• DeepLab 系列：通过引入空洞卷积（Atrous Convolution）等技术来增强模型捕捉多尺度信息的能力。
• PSPNet (Pyramid Scene Parsing Network)：利用金字塔池化模块获取全局上下文信息。
• RefineNet：专注于细节恢复，采用多路径优化策略来传递所有分辨率的信息。

这些模型在不同的应用场景中都有所应用，并且根据特定的任务需求不断进化和发展。

首个端到端的针对像素级预测的全卷积网络

FCN 的网络结构

Conv的参数量：77512*4096=102760448

FCN 的实现（基于Pytorch）

该项目主要是来自pytorch官方torchvision模块中的源码
https://github.com/pytorch/vision/tree/main/torchvision/models/segmentation

1. 环境配置

• Python3.6/3.7/3.8
• Pytorch1.10
• Ubuntu或Centos(Windows暂不支持多GPU训练)
• 最好使用GPU训练
• 详细环境配置见requirements.txt

2. 文件结构

  ├── src: 模型的backbone以及FCN的搭建
  ├── train_utils: 训练、验证以及多GPU训练相关模块
  ├── my_dataset.py: 自定义dataset用于读取VOC数据集
  ├── train.py: 以fcn_resnet50(这里使用了Dilated/Atrous Convolution)进行训练
  ├── train_multi_GPU.py: 针对使用多GPU的用户使用
  ├── predict.py: 简易的预测脚本，使用训练好的权重进行预测测试
  ├── validation.py: 利用训练好的权重验证/测试数据的mIoU等指标，并生成record_mAP.txt文件
  └── pascal_voc_classes.json: pascal_voc标签文件

3. 预训练权重下载地址

• 注意：官方提供的预训练权重是在COCO上预训练得到的，训练时只针对和PASCAL VOC相同的类别进行了训练，所以类别数是21(包括背景)
• fcn_resnet50: https://download.pytorch.org/models/fcn_resnet50_coco-1167a1af.pth
• fcn_resnet101: https://download.pytorch.org/models/fcn_resnet101_coco-7ecb50ca.pth
• 注意，下载的预训练权重记得要重命名，比如在train.py中读取的是fcn_resnet50_coco.pth文件，
  不是fcn_resnet50_coco-1167a1af.pth

4. 数据集，本例程使用的是PASCAL VOC2012数据集

• Pascal VOC2012 train/val数据集下载地址：http://host.robots.ox.ac.uk/pascal/VOC/voc2012/VOCtrainval_11-May-2012.tar

5. 训练方法

• 确保提前准备好数据集
• 确保提前下载好对应预训练模型权重
• 若要使用单GPU或者CPU训练，直接使用train.py训练脚本
• 若要使用多GPU训练，使用torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 train_multi_GPU.py指令,nproc_per_node参数为使用GPU数量
• 如果想指定使用哪些GPU设备可在指令前加上CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,3(例如我只要使用设备中的第1块和第4块GPU设备)
• CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,3 torchrun --nproc_per_node=2 train_multi_GPU.py

6. 注意事项

• 在使用训练脚本时，注意要将’–data-path’(VOC_root)设置为自己存放’VOCdevkit’文件夹所在的根目录
• 在使用预测脚本时，要将’weights_path’设置为你自己生成的权重路径。
• 使用validation文件时，注意确保你的验证集或者测试集中必须包含每个类别的目标，并且使用时只需要修改’–num-classes’、‘–aux’、‘–data-path’和’–weights’即可，其他代码尽量不要改动

7. Pytorch官方实现的FCN网络框架图

8. 完整代码

8.1 src文件目录代码

• init.py

from .fcn_model import fcn_resnet50, fcn_resnet101

• backbone.py

import torch
import torch.nn as nn


def conv3x3(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1, groups=1, dilation=1):
    """3x3 convolution with padding"""
    return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride,
                     padding=dilation, groups=groups, bias=False, dilation=dilation)


def conv1x1(in_planes, out_planes, stride=1):
    """1x1 convolution"""
    return nn.Conv2d(in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False)


class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
    # Bottleneck in torchvision places the stride for downsampling at 3x3 convolution(self.conv2)
    # while original implementation places the stride at the first 1x1 convolution(self.conv1)
    # according to "Deep residual learning for image recognition"https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03385.
    # This variant is also known as ResNet V1.5 and improves accuracy according to
    # https://ngc.nvidia.com/catalog/model-scripts/nvidia:resnet_50_v1_5_for_pytorch.

    expansion = 4

    def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None, groups=1,
                 base_width=64, dilation=1, norm_layer=None):
        super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()
        if norm_layer is None:
            norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
        width = int(planes * (base_width / 64.)) * groups
        # Both self.conv2 and self.downsample layers downsample the input when stride != 1
        self.conv1 = conv1x1(inplanes, width)
        self.bn1 = norm_layer(width)
        self.conv2 = conv3x3(width, width, stride, groups, dilation)
        self.bn2 = norm_layer(width)
        self.conv3 = conv1x1(width, planes * self.expansion)
        self.bn3 = norm_layer(planes * self.expansion)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
        self.downsample = downsample
        self.stride = stride

    def forward(self, x):
        identity = x

        out = self.conv1(x)
        out = self.bn1(out)
        out = self.relu(out)

        out = self.conv2(out)
        out = self.bn2(out)
        out = self.relu(out)

        out = self.conv3(out)
        out = self.bn3(out)

        if self.downsample is not None:
            identity = self.downsample(x)

        out += identity
        out = self.relu(out)

        return out


class ResNet(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self, block, layers, num_classes=1000, zero_init_residual=False,
                 groups=1, width_per_group=64, replace_stride_with_dilation=None,
                 norm_layer=None):
        super(ResNet, self).__init__()
        if norm_layer is None:
            norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
        self._norm_layer = norm_layer

        self.inplanes = 64
        self.dilation = 1
        if replace_stride_with_dilation is None:
            # each element in the tuple indicates if we should replace
            # the 2x2 stride with a dilated convolution instead
            replace_stride_with_dilation = [False, False, False]
        if len(replace_stride_with_dilation) != 3:
            raise ValueError("replace_stride_with_dilation should be None "
                             "or a 3-element tuple, got {}".format(replace_stride_with_dilation))
        self.groups = groups
        self.base_width = width_per_group
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, self.inplanes, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3,
                               bias=False)
        self.bn1 = norm_layer(self.inplanes)
        self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
        self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
        self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
        self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2,
                                       dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[0])
        self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2,
                                       dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[1])
        self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2,
                                       dilate=replace_stride_with_dilation[2])
        self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
        self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)

        for m in self.modules():
            if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
                nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
            elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d):
                nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
                nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)

        # Zero-initialize the last BN in each residual branch,
        # so that the residual branch starts with zeros, and each residual block behaves like an identity.
        # This improves the model by 0.2~0.3% according to https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677
        if zero_init_residual:
            for m in self.modules():
                if isinstance(m, Bottleneck):
                    nn.init.constant_(m.bn3.weight, 0)

    def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1, dilate=False):
        norm_layer = self._norm_layer
        downsample = None
        previous_dilation = self.dilation
        if dilate:
            self.dilation *= stride
            stride = 1
        if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * block.expansion:
            downsample = nn.Sequential(
                conv1x1(self.inplanes, planes * block.expansion, stride),
                norm_layer(planes * block.expansion),
            )

        layers = []
        layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample, self.groups,
                            self.base_width, previous_dilation, norm_layer))
        self.inplanes = planes * block.expansion
        for _ in range(1, blocks):
            layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, groups=self.groups,
                                base_width=self.base_width, dilation=self.dilation,
                                norm_layer=norm_layer))

        return nn.Sequential(*layers)

    def _forward_impl(self, x):
        # See note [TorchScript super()]
        x = self.conv1(x)
        x = self.bn1(x)
        x = self.relu(x)
        x = self.maxpool(x)

        x = self.layer1(x)
        x = self.layer2(x)
        x = self.layer3(x)
        x = self.layer4(x)

        x = self.avgpool(x)
        x = torch.flatten(x, 1)
        x = self.fc(x)

        return x

    def forward(self, x):
        return self._forward_impl(x)


def _resnet(block, layers, **kwargs):
    model = ResNet(block, layers, **kwargs)
    return model


def resnet50(**kwargs):
    r"""ResNet-50 model from
    `"Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition" `_

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
        progress (bool): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr
    """
    return _resnet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], **kwargs)


def resnet101(**kwargs):
    r"""ResNet-101 model from
    `"Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition" `_

    Args:
        pretrained (bool): If True, returns a model pre-trained on ImageNet
        progress (bool): If True, displays a progress bar of the download to stderr
    """
    return _resnet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3], **kwargs)

• fcn_model.py

from collections import OrderedDict

from typing import Dict

import torch
from torch import nn, Tensor
from torch.nn import functional as F
from .backbone import resnet50, resnet101


class IntermediateLayerGetter(nn.ModuleDict):
    """
    Module wrapper that returns intermediate layers from a model

    It has a strong assumption that the modules have been registered
    into the model in the same order as they are used.
    This means that one should **not** reuse the same nn.Module
    twice in the forward if you want this to work.

    Additionally, it is only able to query submodules that are directly
    assigned to the model. So if `model` is passed, `model.feature1` can
    be returned, but not `model.feature1.layer2`.

    Args:
        model (nn.Module): model on which we will extract the features
        return_layers (Dict[name, new_name]): a dict containing the names
            of the modules for which the activations will be returned as
            the key of the dict, and the value of the dict is the name
            of the returned activation (which the user can specify).
    """
    _version = 2
    __annotations__ = {
        "return_layers": Dict[str, str],
    }

    def __init__(self, model: nn.Module, return_layers: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
        if not set(return_layers).issubset([name for name, _ in model.named_children()]):
            raise ValueError("return_layers are not present in model")
        orig_return_layers = return_layers
        return_layers = {str(k): str(v) for k, v in return_layers.items()}

        # 重新构建backbone，将没有使用到的模块全部删掉
        layers = OrderedDict()
        for name, module in model.named_children():
            layers[name] = module
            if name in return_layers:
                del return_layers[name]
            if not return_layers:
                break

        super(IntermediateLayerGetter, self).__init__(layers)
        self.return_layers = orig_return_layers

    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Dict[str, Tensor]:
        out = OrderedDict()
        for name, module in self.items():
            x = module(x)
            if name in self.return_layers:
                out_name = self.return_layers[name]
                out[out_name] = x
        return out


class FCN(nn.Module):
    """
    Implements a Fully-Convolutional Network for semantic segmentation.

    Args:
        backbone (nn.Module): the network used to compute the features for the model.
            The backbone should return an OrderedDict[Tensor], with the key being
            "out" for the last feature map used, and "aux" if an auxiliary classifier
            is used.
        classifier (nn.Module): module that takes the "out" element returned from
            the backbone and returns a dense prediction.
        aux_classifier (nn.Module, optional): auxiliary classifier used during training
    """
    __constants__ = ['aux_classifier']

    def __init__(self, backbone, classifier, aux_classifier=None):
        super(FCN, self).__init__()
        self.backbone = backbone
        self.classifier = classifier
        self.aux_classifier = aux_classifier

    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Dict[str, Tensor]:
        input_shape = x.shape[-2:]
        # contract: features is a dict of tensors
        features = self.backbone(x)

        result = OrderedDict()
        x = features["out"]
        x = self.classifier(x)
        # 原论文中虽然使用的是ConvTranspose2d，但权重是冻结的，所以就是一个bilinear插值
        x = F.interpolate(x, size=input_shape, mode='bilinear', align_corners=False)
        result["out"] = x

        if self.aux_classifier is not None:
            x = features["aux"]
            x = self.aux_classifier(x)
            # 原论文中虽然使用的是ConvTranspose2d，但权重是冻结的，所以就是一个bilinear插值
            x = F.interpolate(x, size=input_shape, mode='bilinear', align_corners=False)
            result["aux"] = x

        return result


class FCNHead(nn.Sequential):
    def __init__(self, in_channels, channels):
        inter_channels = in_channels // 4
        layers = [
            nn.Conv2d(in_channels, inter_channels, 3, padding=1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(inter_channels),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dropout(0.1),
            nn.Conv2d(inter_channels, channels, 1)
        ]

        super(FCNHead, self).__init__(*layers)


def fcn_resnet50(aux, num_classes=21, pretrain_backbone=False):
    # 'resnet50_imagenet': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet50-0676ba61.pth'
    # 'fcn_resnet50_coco': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/fcn_resnet50_coco-1167a1af.pth'
    backbone = resnet50(replace_stride_with_dilation=[False, True, True])

    if pretrain_backbone:
        # 载入resnet50 backbone预训练权重
        backbone.load_state_dict(torch.load("resnet50.pth", map_location='cpu'))

    out_inplanes = 2048
    aux_inplanes = 1024

    return_layers = {'layer4': 'out'}
    if aux:
        return_layers['layer3'] = 'aux'
    backbone = IntermediateLayerGetter(backbone, return_layers=return_layers)

    aux_classifier = None
    # why using aux: https://github.com/pytorch/vision/issues/4292
    if aux:
        aux_classifier = FCNHead(aux_inplanes, num_classes)

    classifier = FCNHead(out_inplanes, num_classes)

    model = FCN(backbone, classifier, aux_classifier)

    return model


def fcn_resnet101(aux, num_classes=21, pretrain_backbone=False):
    # 'resnet101_imagenet': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet101-63fe2227.pth'
    # 'fcn_resnet101_coco': 'https://download.pytorch.org/models/fcn_resnet101_coco-7ecb50ca.pth'
    backbone = resnet101(replace_stride_with_dilation=[False, True, True])

    if pretrain_backbone:
        # 载入resnet101 backbone预训练权重
        backbone.load_state_dict(torch.load("resnet101.pth", map_location='cpu'))

    out_inplanes = 2048
    aux_inplanes = 1024

    return_layers = {'layer4': 'out'}
    if aux:
        return_layers['layer3'] = 'aux'
    backbone = IntermediateLayerGetter(backbone, return_layers=return_layers)

    aux_classifier = None
    # why using aux: https://github.com/pytorch/vision/issues/4292
    if aux:
        aux_classifier = FCNHead(aux_inplanes, num_classes)

    classifier = FCNHead(out_inplanes, num_classes)

    model = FCN(backbone, classifier, aux_classifier)

    return model

8.2 train_utils文件目录代码

• init.py

from .train_and_eval import train_one_epoch, evaluate, create_lr_scheduler
from .distributed_utils import init_distributed_mode, save_on_master, mkdir

• distributed_utils.py

from collections import defaultdict, deque
import datetime
import time
import torch
import torch.distributed as dist

import errno
import os


class SmoothedValue(object):
    """Track a series of values and provide access to smoothed values over a
    window or the global series average.
    """

    def __init__(self, window_size=20, fmt=None):
        if fmt is None:
            fmt = "{value:.4f} ({global_avg:.4f})"
        self.deque = deque(maxlen=window_size)
        self.total = 0.0
        self.count = 0
        self.fmt = fmt

    def update(self, value, n=1):
        self.deque.append(value)
        self.count += n
        self.total += value * n

    def synchronize_between_processes(self):
        """
        Warning: does not synchronize the deque!
        """
        if not is_dist_avail_and_initialized():
            return
        t = torch.tensor([self.count, self.total], dtype=torch.float64, device='cuda')
        dist.barrier()
        dist.all_reduce(t)
        t = t.tolist()
        self.count = int(t[0])
        self.total = t[1]

    @property
    def median(self):
        d = torch.tensor(list(self.deque))
        return d.median().item()

    @property
    def avg(self):
        d = torch.tensor(list(self.deque), dtype=torch.float32)
        return d.mean().item()

    @property
    def global_avg(self):
        return self.total / self.count

    @property
    def max(self):
        return max(self.deque)

    @property
    def value(self):
        return self.deque[-1]

    def __str__(self):
        return self.fmt.format(
            median=self.median,
            avg=self.avg,
            global_avg=self.global_avg,
            max=self.max,
            value=self.value)


class ConfusionMatrix(object):
    def __init__(self, num_classes):
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.mat = None

    def update(self, a, b):
        n = self.num_classes
        if self.mat is None:
            # 创建混淆矩阵
            self.mat = torch.zeros((n, n), dtype=torch.int64, device=a.device)
        with torch.no_grad():
            # 寻找GT中为目标的像素索引
            k = (a >= 0) & (a < n)
            # 统计像素真实类别a[k]被预测成类别b[k]的个数(这里的做法很巧妙)
            inds = n * a[k].to(torch.int64) + b[k]
            self.mat += torch.bincount(inds, minlength=n**2).reshape(n, n)

    def reset(self):
        if self.mat is not None:
            self.mat.zero_()

    def compute(self):
        h = self.mat.float()
        # 计算全局预测准确率(混淆矩阵的对角线为预测正确的个数)
        acc_global = torch.diag(h).sum() / h.sum()
        # 计算每个类别的准确率
        acc = torch.diag(h) / h.sum(1)
        # 计算每个类别预测与真实目标的iou
        iu = torch.diag(h) / (h.sum(1) + h.sum(0) - torch.diag(h))
        return acc_global, acc, iu

    def reduce_from_all_processes(self):
        if not torch.distributed.is_available():
            return
        if not torch.distributed.is_initialized():
            return
        torch.distributed.barrier()
        torch.distributed.all_reduce(self.mat)

    def __str__(self):
        acc_global, acc, iu = self.compute()
        return (
            'global correct: {:.1f}
'
            'average row correct: {}
'
            'IoU: {}
'
            'mean IoU: {:.1f}').format(
                acc_global.item() * 100,
                ['{:.1f}'.format(i) for i in (acc * 100).tolist()],
                ['{:.1f}'.format(i) for i in (iu * 100).tolist()],
                iu.mean().item() * 100)


class MetricLogger(object):
    def __init__(self, delimiter="	"):
        self.meters = defaultdict(SmoothedValue)
        self.delimiter = delimiter

    def update(self, **kwargs):
        for k, v in kwargs.items():
            if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor):
                v = v.item()
            assert isinstance(v, (float, int))
            self.meters[k].update(v)

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if attr in self.meters:
            return self.meters[attr]
        if attr in self.__dict__:
            return self.__dict__[attr]
        raise AttributeError("'{}' object has no attribute '{}'".format(
            type(self).__name__, attr))

    def __str__(self):
        loss_str = []
        for name, meter in self.meters.items():
            loss_str.append(
                "{}: {}".format(name, str(meter))
            )
        return self.delimiter.join(loss_str)

    def synchronize_between_processes(self):
        for meter in self.meters.values():
            meter.synchronize_between_processes()

    def add_meter(self, name, meter):
        self.meters[name] = meter

    def log_every(self, iterable, print_freq, header=None):
        i = 0
        if not header:
            header = ''
        start_time = time.time()
        end = time.time()
        iter_time = SmoothedValue(fmt='{avg:.4f}')
        data_time = SmoothedValue(fmt='{avg:.4f}')
        space_fmt = ':' + str(len(str(len(iterable)))) + 'd'
        if torch.cuda.is_available():
            log_msg = self.delimiter.join([
                header,
                '[{0' + space_fmt + '}/{1}]',
                'eta: {eta}',
                '{meters}',
                'time: {time}',
                'data: {data}',
                'max mem: {memory:.0f}'
            ])
        else:
            log_msg = self.delimiter.join([
                header,
                '[{0' + space_fmt + '}/{1}]',
                'eta: {eta}',
                '{meters}',
                'time: {time}',
                'data: {data}'
            ])
        MB = 1024.0 * 1024.0
        for obj in iterable:
            data_time.update(time.time() - end)
            yield obj
            iter_time.update(time.time() - end)
            if i % print_freq == 0:
                eta_seconds = iter_time.global_avg * (len(iterable) - i)
                eta_string = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(eta_seconds)))
                if torch.cuda.is_available():
                    print(log_msg.format(
                        i, len(iterable), eta=eta_string,
                        meters=str(self),
                        time=str(iter_time), data=str(data_time),
                        memory=torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / MB))
                else:
                    print(log_msg.format(
                        i, len(iterable), eta=eta_string,
                        meters=str(self),
                        time=str(iter_time), data=str(data_time)))
            i += 1
            end = time.time()
        total_time = time.time() - start_time
        total_time_str = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(total_time)))
        print('{} Total time: {}'.format(header, total_time_str))


def mkdir(path):
    try:
        os.makedirs(path)
    except OSError as e:
        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
            raise


def setup_for_distributed(is_master):
    """
    This function disables printing when not in master process
    """
    import builtins as __builtin__
    builtin_print = __builtin__.print

    def print(*args, **kwargs):
        force = kwargs.pop('force', False)
        if is_master or force:
            builtin_print(*args, **kwargs)

    __builtin__.print = print


def is_dist_avail_and_initialized():
    if not dist.is_available():
        return False
    if not dist.is_initialized():
        return False
    return True


def get_world_size():
    if not is_dist_avail_and_initialized():
        return 1
    return dist.get_world_size()


def get_rank():
    if not is_dist_avail_and_initialized():
        return 0
    return dist.get_rank()


def is_main_process():
    return get_rank() == 0


def save_on_master(*args, **kwargs):
    if is_main_process():
        torch.save(*args, **kwargs)


def init_distributed_mode(args):
    if 'RANK' in os.environ and 'WORLD_SIZE' in os.environ:
        args.rank = int(os.environ["RANK"])
        args.world_size = int(os.environ['WORLD_SIZE'])
        args.gpu = int(os.environ['LOCAL_RANK'])
    elif 'SLURM_PROCID' in os.environ:
        args.rank = int(os.environ['SLURM_PROCID'])
        args.gpu = args.rank % torch.cuda.device_count()
    elif hasattr(args, "rank"):
        pass
    else:
        print('Not using distributed mode')
        args.distributed = False
        return

    args.distributed = True

    torch.cuda.set_device(args.gpu)
    args.dist_backend = 'nccl'
    print('| distributed init (rank {}): {}'.format(
        args.rank, args.dist_url), flush=True)
    torch.distributed.init_process_group(backend=args.dist_backend, init_method=args.dist_url,
                                         world_size=args.world_size, rank=args.rank)
    setup_for_distributed(args.rank == 0)

• train_and_eval.py

import torch
from torch import nn
import train_utils.distributed_utils as utils


def criterion(inputs, target):
    losses = {}
    for name, x in inputs.items():
        # 忽略target中值为255的像素，255的像素是目标边缘或者padding填充
        losses[name] = nn.functional.cross_entropy(x, target, ignore_index=255)

    if len(losses) == 1:
        return losses['out']

    return losses['out'] + 0.5 * losses['aux']


def evaluate(model, data_loader, device, num_classes):
    model.eval()
    confmat = utils.ConfusionMatrix(num_classes)
    metric_logger = utils.MetricLogger(delimiter="  ")
    header = 'Test:'
    with torch.no_grad():
        for image, target in metric_logger.log_every(data_loader, 100, header):
            image, target = image.to(device), target.to(device)
            output = model(image)
            output = output['out']

            confmat.update(target.flatten(), output.argmax(1).flatten())

        confmat.reduce_from_all_processes()

    return confmat


def train_one_epoch(model, optimizer, data_loader, device, epoch, lr_scheduler, print_freq=10, scaler=None):
    model.train()
    metric_logger = utils.MetricLogger(delimiter="  ")
    metric_logger.add_meter('lr', utils.SmoothedValue(window_size=1, fmt='{value:.6f}'))
    header = 'Epoch: [{}]'.format(epoch)

    for image, target in metric_logger.log_every(data_loader, print_freq, header):
        image, target = image.to(device), target.to(device)
        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast(enabled=scaler is not None):
            output = model(image)
            loss = criterion(output, target)

        optimizer.zero_grad()
        if scaler is not None:
            scaler.scale(loss).backward()
            scaler.step(optimizer)
            scaler.update()
        else:
            loss.backward()
            optimizer.step()

        lr_scheduler.step()

        lr = optimizer.param_groups[0]["lr"]
        metric_logger.update(loss=loss.item(), lr=lr)

    return metric_logger.meters["loss"].global_avg, lr


def create_lr_scheduler(optimizer,
                        num_step: int,
                        epochs: int,
                        warmup=True,
                        warmup_epochs=1,
                        warmup_factor=1e-3):
    assert num_step > 0 and epochs > 0
    if warmup is False:
        warmup_epochs = 0

    def f(x):
        """
        根据step数返回一个学习率倍率因子，
        注意在训练开始之前，pytorch会提前调用一次lr_scheduler.step()方法
        """
        if warmup is True and x <= (warmup_epochs * num_step):
            alpha = float(x) / (warmup_epochs * num_step)
            # warmup过程中lr倍率因子从warmup_factor -> 1
            return warmup_factor * (1 - alpha) + alpha
        else:
            # warmup后lr倍率因子从1 -> 0
            # 参考deeplab_v2: Learning rate policy
            return (1 - (x - warmup_epochs * num_step) / ((epochs - warmup_epochs) * num_step)) ** 0.9

    return torch.optim.lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=f)

8.3 根目录代码

• pascal_voc_classes.json

{
    "aeroplane": 1,
    "bicycle": 2,
    "bird": 3,
    "boat": 4,
    "bottle": 5,
    "bus": 6,
    "car": 7,
    "cat": 8,
    "chair": 9,
    "cow": 10,
    "diningtable": 11,
    "dog": 12,
    "horse": 13,
    "motorbike": 14,
    "person": 15,
    "pottedplant": 16,
    "sheep": 17,
    "sofa": 18,
    "train": 19,
    "tvmonitor": 20
}

• my_dataset.py

import os

import torch.utils.data as data
from PIL import Image


class VOCSegmentation(data.Dataset):
    def __init__(self, voc_root, year="2012", transforms=None, txt_name: str = "train.txt"):
        super(VOCSegmentation, self).__init__()
        assert year in ["2007", "2012"], "year must be in ['2007', '2012']"
        root = os.path.join(voc_root, "VOCdevkit", f"VOC{year}")
        assert os.path.exists(root), "path '{}' does not exist.".format(root)
        image_dir = os.path.join(root, 'JPEGImages')
        mask_dir = os.path.join(root, 'SegmentationClass')

        txt_path = os.path.join(root, "ImageSets", "Segmentation", txt_name)
        assert os.path.exists(txt_path), "file '{}' does not exist.".format(txt_path)
        with open(os.path.join(txt_path), "r") as f:
            file_names = [x.strip() for x in f.readlines() if len(x.strip()) > 0]

        self.images = [os.path.join(image_dir, x + ".jpg") for x in file_names]
        self.masks = [os.path.join(mask_dir, x + ".png") for x in file_names]
        assert (len(self.images) == len(self.masks))
        self.transforms = transforms

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        """
        Args:
            index (int): Index

        Returns:
            tuple: (image, target) where target is the image segmentation.
        """
        img = Image.open(self.images[index]).convert('RGB')
        target = Image.open(self.masks[index])

        if self.transforms is not None:
            img, target = self.transforms(img, target)

        return img, target

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.images)

    @staticmethod
    def collate_fn(batch):
        images, targets = list(zip(*batch))
        batched_imgs = cat_list(images, fill_value=0)
        batched_targets = cat_list(targets, fill_value=255)
        return batched_imgs, batched_targets


def cat_list(images, fill_value=0):
    # 计算该batch数据中，channel, h, w的最大值
    max_size = tuple(max(s) for s in zip(*[img.shape for img in images]))
    batch_shape = (len(images),) + max_size
    batched_imgs = images[0].new(*batch_shape).fill_(fill_value)
    for img, pad_img in zip(images, batched_imgs):
        pad_img[..., :img.shape[-2], :img.shape[-1]].copy_(img)
    return batched_imgs


# dataset = VOCSegmentation(voc_root="/data/", transforms=get_transform(train=True))
# d1 = dataset[0]
# print(d1)

• validation.py

import os
import torch

from src import fcn_resnet50
from train_utils import evaluate
from my_dataset import VOCSegmentation
import transforms as T


class SegmentationPresetEval:
    def __init__(self, base_size, mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406), std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)):
        self.transforms = T.Compose([
            T.RandomResize(base_size, base_size),
            T.ToTensor(),
            T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),
        ])

    def __call__(self, img, target):
        return self.transforms(img, target)


def main(args):
    device = torch.device(args.device if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    assert os.path.exists(args.weights), f"weights {args.weights} not found."

    # segmentation nun_classes + background
    num_classes = args.num_classes + 1

    # VOCdevkit -> VOC2012 -> ImageSets -> Segmentation -> val.txt
    val_dataset = VOCSegmentation(args.data_path,
                                  year="2012",
                                  transforms=SegmentationPresetEval(520),
                                  txt_name="val.txt")

    num_workers = 8
    val_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(val_dataset,
                                             batch_size=1,
                                             num_workers=num_workers,
                                             pin_memory=True,
                                             collate_fn=val_dataset.collate_fn)

    model = fcn_resnet50(aux=args.aux, num_classes=num_classes)
    model.load_state_dict(torch.load(args.weights, map_location=device)['model'])
    model.to(device)

    confmat = evaluate(model, val_loader, device=device, num_classes=num_classes)
    print(confmat)


def parse_args():
    import argparse
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="pytorch fcn training")

    parser.add_argument("--data-path", default="/data/", help="VOCdevkit root")
    parser.add_argument("--weights", default="./save_weights/model_29.pth")
    parser.add_argument("--num-classes", default=20, type=int)
    parser.add_argument("--aux", default=True, type=bool, help="auxilier loss")
    parser.add_argument("--device", default="cuda", help="training device")
    parser.add_argument('--print-freq', default=10, type=int, help='print frequency')

    args = parser.parse_args()

    return args


if __name__ == '__main__':
    args = parse_args()

    if not os.path.exists("./save_weights"):
        os.mkdir("./save_weights")

    main(args)

• transforms.py

import numpy as np
import random

import torch
from torchvision import transforms as T
from torchvision.transforms import functional as F


def pad_if_smaller(img, size, fill=0):
    # 如果图像最小边长小于给定size，则用数值fill进行padding
    min_size = min(img.size)
    if min_size < size:
        ow, oh = img.size
        padh = size - oh if oh < size else 0
        padw = size - ow if ow < size else 0
        img = F.pad(img, (0, 0, padw, padh), fill=fill)
    return img


class Compose(object):
    def __init__(self, transforms):
        self.transforms = transforms

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        for t in self.transforms:
            image, target = t(image, target)
        return image, target


class RandomResize(object):
    def __init__(self, min_size, max_size=None):
        self.min_size = min_size
        if max_size is None:
            max_size = min_size
        self.max_size = max_size

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        size = random.randint(self.min_size, self.max_size)
        # 这里size传入的是int类型，所以是将图像的最小边长缩放到size大小
        image = F.resize(image, size)
        # 这里的interpolation注意下，在torchvision(0.9.0)以后才有InterpolationMode.NEAREST
        # 如果是之前的版本需要使用PIL.Image.NEAREST
        target = F.resize(target, size, interpolation=T.InterpolationMode.NEAREST)
        return image, target


class RandomHorizontalFlip(object):
    def __init__(self, flip_prob):
        self.flip_prob = flip_prob

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        if random.random() < self.flip_prob:
            image = F.hflip(image)
            target = F.hflip(target)
        return image, target


class RandomCrop(object):
    def __init__(self, size):
        self.size = size

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        image = pad_if_smaller(image, self.size)
        target = pad_if_smaller(target, self.size, fill=255)
        crop_params = T.RandomCrop.get_params(image, (self.size, self.size))
        image = F.crop(image, *crop_params)
        target = F.crop(target, *crop_params)
        return image, target


class CenterCrop(object):
    def __init__(self, size):
        self.size = size

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        image = F.center_crop(image, self.size)
        target = F.center_crop(target, self.size)
        return image, target


class ToTensor(object):
    def __call__(self, image, target):
        image = F.to_tensor(image)
        target = torch.as_tensor(np.array(target), dtype=torch.int64)
        return image, target


class Normalize(object):
    def __init__(self, mean, std):
        self.mean = mean
        self.std = std

    def __call__(self, image, target):
        image = F.normalize(image, mean=self.mean, std=self.std)
        return image, target

• train.py

import os
import time
import datetime

import torch

from src import fcn_resnet50
from train_utils import train_one_epoch, evaluate, create_lr_scheduler
from my_dataset import VOCSegmentation
import transforms as T


class SegmentationPresetTrain:
    def __init__(self, base_size, crop_size, hflip_prob=0.5, mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406), std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)):
        min_size = int(0.5 * base_size)
        max_size = int(2.0 * base_size)

        trans = [T.RandomResize(min_size, max_size)]
        if hflip_prob > 0:
            trans.append(T.RandomHorizontalFlip(hflip_prob))
        trans.extend([
            T.RandomCrop(crop_size),
            T.ToTensor(),
            T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),
        ])
        self.transforms = T.Compose(trans)

    def __call__(self, img, target):
        return self.transforms(img, target)


class SegmentationPresetEval:
    def __init__(self, base_size, mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406), std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)):
        self.transforms = T.Compose([
            T.RandomResize(base_size, base_size),
            T.ToTensor(),
            T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),
        ])

    def __call__(self, img, target):
        return self.transforms(img, target)


def get_transform(train):
    base_size = 520
    crop_size = 480

    return SegmentationPresetTrain(base_size, crop_size) if train else SegmentationPresetEval(base_size)


def create_model(aux, num_classes, pretrain=True):
    model = fcn_resnet50(aux=aux, num_classes=num_classes)

    if pretrain:
        weights_dict = torch.load("./src/fcn_resnet50_coco.pth", map_location='cpu')

        if num_classes != 21:
            # 官方提供的预训练权重是21类(包括背景)
            # 如果训练自己的数据集，将和类别相关的权重删除，防止权重shape不一致报错
            for k in list(weights_dict.keys()):
                if "classifier.4" in k:
                    del weights_dict[k]

        missing_keys, unexpected_keys = model.load_state_dict(weights_dict, strict=False)
        if len(missing_keys) != 0 or len(unexpected_keys) != 0:
            print("missing_keys: ", missing_keys)
            print("unexpected_keys: ", unexpected_keys)

    return model


def main(args):
    device = torch.device(args.device if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    batch_size = args.batch_size
    # segmentation nun_classes + background
    num_classes = args.num_classes + 1

    # 用来保存训练以及验证过程中信息
    results_file = "results{}.txt".format(datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S"))

    # VOCdevkit -> VOC2012 -> ImageSets -> Segmentation -> train.txt
    train_dataset = VOCSegmentation(args.data_path,
                                    year="2012",
                                    transforms=get_transform(train=True),
                                    txt_name="train.txt")

    # VOCdevkit -> VOC2012 -> ImageSets -> Segmentation -> val.txt
    val_dataset = VOCSegmentation(args.data_path,
                                  year="2012",
                                  transforms=get_transform(train=False),
                                  txt_name="val.txt")

    num_workers = min([os.cpu_count(), batch_size if batch_size > 1 else 0, 8])
    train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset,
                                               batch_size=batch_size,
                                               num_workers=num_workers,
                                               shuffle=True,
                                               pin_memory=True,
                                               collate_fn=train_dataset.collate_fn)

    val_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(val_dataset,
                                             batch_size=1,
                                             num_workers=num_workers,
                                             pin_memory=True,
                                             collate_fn=val_dataset.collate_fn)

    model = create_model(aux=args.aux, num_classes=num_classes)
    model.to(device)

    params_to_optimize = [
        {"params": [p for p in model.backbone.parameters() if p.requires_grad]},
        {"params": [p for p in model.classifier.parameters() if p.requires_grad]}
    ]

    if args.aux:
        params = [p for p in model.aux_classifier.parameters() if p.requires_grad]
        params_to_optimize.append({"params": params, "lr": args.lr * 10})

    optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(
        params_to_optimize,
        lr=args.lr, momentum=args.momentum, weight_decay=args.weight_decay
    )

    scaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler() if args.amp else None

    # 创建学习率更新策略，这里是每个step更新一次(不是每个epoch)
    lr_scheduler = create_lr_scheduler(optimizer, len(train_loader), args.epochs, warmup=True)

    if args.resume:
        checkpoint = torch.load(args.resume, map_location='cpu')
        model.load_state_dict(checkpoint['model'])
        optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer'])
        lr_scheduler.load_state_dict(checkpoint['lr_scheduler'])
        args.start_epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] + 1
        if args.amp:
            scaler.load_state_dict(checkpoint["scaler"])

    start_time = time.time()
    for epoch in range(args.start_epoch, args.epochs):
        mean_loss, lr = train_one_epoch(model, optimizer, train_loader, device, epoch,
                                        lr_scheduler=lr_scheduler, print_freq=args.print_freq, scaler=scaler)

        confmat = evaluate(model, val_loader, device=device, num_classes=num_classes)
        val_info = str(confmat)
        print(val_info)
        # write into txt
        with open(results_file, "a") as f:
            # 记录每个epoch对应的train_loss、lr以及验证集各指标
            train_info = f"[epoch: {epoch}]
" 
                         f"train_loss: {mean_loss:.4f}
" 
                         f"lr: {lr:.6f}
"
            f.write(train_info + val_info + "

")

        save_file = {"model": model.state_dict(),
                     "optimizer": optimizer.state_dict(),
                     "lr_scheduler": lr_scheduler.state_dict(),
                     "epoch": epoch,
                     "args": args}
        if args.amp:
            save_file["scaler"] = scaler.state_dict()
        torch.save(save_file, "save_weights/model_{}.pth".format(epoch))

    total_time = time.time() - start_time
    total_time_str = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(total_time)))
    print("training time {}".format(total_time_str))


def parse_args():
    import argparse
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="pytorch fcn training")

    parser.add_argument("--data-path", default="/data/", help="VOCdevkit root")
    parser.add_argument("--num-classes", default=20, type=int)
    parser.add_argument("--aux", default=True, type=bool, help="auxilier loss")
    parser.add_argument("--device", default="cuda", help="training device")
    parser.add_argument("-b", "--batch-size", default=4, type=int)
    parser.add_argument("--epochs", default=30, type=int, metavar="N",
                        help="number of total epochs to train")

    parser.add_argument('--lr', default=0.0001, type=float, help='initial learning rate')
    parser.add_argument('--momentum', default=0.9, type=float, metavar='M',
                        help='momentum')
    parser.add_argument('--wd', '--weight-decay', default=1e-4, type=float,
                        metavar='W', help='weight decay (default: 1e-4)',
                        dest='weight_decay')
    parser.add_argument('--print-freq', default=10, type=int, help='print frequency')
    parser.add_argument('--resume', default='', help='resume from checkpoint')
    parser.add_argument('--start-epoch', default=0, type=int, metavar='N',
                        help='start epoch')
    # Mixed precision training parameters
    parser.add_argument("--amp", default=False, type=bool,
                        help="Use torch.cuda.amp for mixed precision training")

    args = parser.parse_args()

    return args


if __name__ == '__main__':
    args = parse_args()

    if not os.path.exists("./save_weights"):
        os.mkdir("./save_weights")

    main(args)

• train_multi_GPU.py

import time
import os
import datetime

import torch

from src import fcn_resnet50
from train_utils import train_one_epoch, evaluate, create_lr_scheduler, init_distributed_mode, save_on_master, mkdir
from my_dataset import VOCSegmentation
import transforms as T


class SegmentationPresetTrain:
    def __init__(self, base_size, crop_size, hflip_prob=0.5, mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406), std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)):
        min_size = int(0.5 * base_size)
        max_size = int(2.0 * base_size)

        trans = [T.RandomResize(min_size, max_size)]
        if hflip_prob > 0:
            trans.append(T.RandomHorizontalFlip(hflip_prob))
        trans.extend([
            T.RandomCrop(crop_size),
            T.ToTensor(),
            T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),
        ])
        self.transforms = T.Compose(trans)

    def __call__(self, img, target):
        return self.transforms(img, target)


class SegmentationPresetEval:
    def __init__(self, base_size, mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406), std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225)):
        self.transforms = T.Compose([
            T.RandomResize(base_size, base_size),
            T.ToTensor(),
            T.Normalize(mean=mean, std=std),
        ])

    def __call__(self, img, target):
        return self.transforms(img, target)


def get_transform(train):
    base_size = 520
    crop_size = 480

    return SegmentationPresetTrain(base_size, crop_size) if train else SegmentationPresetEval(base_size)


def create_model(aux, num_classes):
    model = fcn_resnet50(aux=aux, num_classes=num_classes)
    weights_dict = torch.load("./fcn_resnet50_coco.pth", map_location='cpu')

    if num_classes != 21:
        # 官方提供的预训练权重是21类(包括背景)
        # 如果训练自己的数据集，将和类别相关的权重删除，防止权重shape不一致报错
        for k in list(weights_dict.keys()):
            if "classifier.4" in k:
                del weights_dict[k]

    missing_keys, unexpected_keys = model.load_state_dict(weights_dict, strict=False)
    if len(missing_keys) != 0 or len(unexpected_keys) != 0:
        print("missing_keys: ", missing_keys)
        print("unexpected_keys: ", unexpected_keys)

    return model


def main(args):
    init_distributed_mode(args)
    print(args)

    device = torch.device(args.device)
    # segmentation nun_classes + background
    num_classes = args.num_classes + 1

    # 用来保存coco_info的文件
    results_file = "results{}.txt".format(datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S"))

    VOC_root = args.data_path
    # check voc root
    if os.path.exists(os.path.join(VOC_root, "VOCdevkit")) is False:
        raise FileNotFoundError("VOCdevkit dose not in path:'{}'.".format(VOC_root))

    # load train data set
    # VOCdevkit -> VOC2012 -> ImageSets -> Segmentation -> train.txt
    train_dataset = VOCSegmentation(args.data_path,
                                    year="2012",
                                    transforms=get_transform(train=True),
                                    txt_name="train.txt")
    # load validation data set
    # VOCdevkit -> VOC2012 -> ImageSets -> Segmentation -> val.txt
    val_dataset = VOCSegmentation(args.data_path,
                                  year="2012",
                                  transforms=get_transform(train=False),
                                  txt_name="val.txt")

    print("Creating data loaders")
    if args.distributed:
        train_sampler = torch.utils.data.distributed.DistributedSampler(train_dataset)
        test_sampler = torch.utils.data.distributed.DistributedSampler(val_dataset)
    else:
        train_sampler = torch.utils.data.RandomSampler(train_dataset)
        test_sampler = torch.utils.data.SequentialSampler(val_dataset)

    train_data_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        train_dataset, batch_size=args.batch_size,
        sampler=train_sampler, num_workers=args.workers,
        collate_fn=train_dataset.collate_fn, drop_last=True)

    val_data_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        val_dataset, batch_size=1,
        sampler=test_sampler, num_workers=args.workers,
        collate_fn=train_dataset.collate_fn)

    print("Creating model")
    # create model num_classes equal background + 20 classes
    model = create_model(aux=args.aux, num_classes=num_classes)
    model.to(device)

    if args.sync_bn:
        model = torch.nn.SyncBatchNorm.convert_sync_batchnorm(model)

    model_without_ddp = model
    if args.distributed:
        model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(model, device_ids=[args.gpu])
        model_without_ddp = model.module

    params_to_optimize = [
        {"params": [p for p in model_without_ddp.backbone.parameters() if p.requires_grad]},
        {"params": [p for p in model_without_ddp.classifier.parameters() if p.requires_grad]},
    ]
    if args.aux:
        params = [p for p in model_without_ddp.aux_classifier.parameters() if p.requires_grad]
        params_to_optimize.append({"params": params, "lr": args.lr * 10})
    optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(
        params_to_optimize,
        lr=args.lr, momentum=args.momentum, weight_decay=args.weight_decay)

    scaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler() if args.amp else None

    # 创建学习率更新策略，这里是每个step更新一次(不是每个epoch)
    lr_scheduler = create_lr_scheduler(optimizer, len(train_data_loader), args.epochs, warmup=True)

    # 如果传入resume参数，即上次训练的权重地址，则接着上次的参数训练
    if args.resume:
        # If map_location is missing, torch.load will first load the module to CPU
        # and then copy each parameter to where it was saved,
        # which would result in all processes on the same machine using the same set of devices.
        checkpoint = torch.load(args.resume, map_location='cpu')  # 读取之前保存的权重文件(包括优化器以及学习率策略)
        model_without_ddp.load_state_dict(checkpoint['model'])
        optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer'])
        lr_scheduler.load_state_dict(checkpoint['lr_scheduler'])
        args.start_epoch = checkpoint['epoch'] + 1
        if args.amp:
            scaler.load_state_dict(checkpoint["scaler"])

    if args.test_only:
        confmat = evaluate(model, val_data_loader, device=device, num_classes=num_classes)
        val_info = str(confmat)
        print(val_info)
        return

    print("Start training")
    start_time = time.time()
    for epoch in range(args.start_epoch, args.epochs):
        if args.distributed:
            train_sampler.set_epoch(epoch)
        mean_loss, lr = train_one_epoch(model, optimizer, train_data_loader, device, epoch,
                                        lr_scheduler=lr_scheduler, print_freq=args.print_freq, scaler=scaler)

        confmat = evaluate(model, val_data_loader, device=device, num_classes=num_classes)
        val_info = str(confmat)
        print(val_info)

        # 只在主进程上进行写操作
        if args.rank in [-1, 0]:
            # write into txt
            with open(results_file, "a") as f:
                # 记录每个epoch对应的train_loss、lr以及验证集各指标
                train_info = f"[epoch: {epoch}]
" 
                             f"train_loss: {mean_loss:.4f}
" 
                             f"lr: {lr:.6f}
"
                f.write(train_info + val_info + "

")

        if args.output_dir:
            # 只在主节点上执行保存权重操作
            save_file = {'model': model_without_ddp.state_dict(),
                         'optimizer': optimizer.state_dict(),
                         'lr_scheduler': lr_scheduler.state_dict(),
                         'args': args,
                         'epoch': epoch}
            if args.amp:
                save_file["scaler"] = scaler.state_dict()
            save_on_master(save_file,
                           os.path.join(args.output_dir, 'model_{}.pth'.format(epoch)))

    total_time = time.time() - start_time
    total_time_str = str(datetime.timedelta(seconds=int(total_time)))
    print('Training time {}'.format(total_time_str))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import argparse

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description=__doc__)

    # 训练文件的根目录(VOCdevkit)
    parser.add_argument('--data-path', default='/data/', help='dataset')
    # 训练设备类型
    parser.add_argument('--device', default='cuda', help='device')
    # 检测目标类别数(不包含背景)
    parser.add_argument('--num-classes', default=20, type=int, help='num_classes')
    # 每块GPU上的batch_size
    parser.add_argument('-b', '--batch-size', default=4, type=int,
                        help='images per gpu, the total batch size is $NGPU x batch_size')
    parser.add_argument("--aux", default=True, type=bool, help="auxilier loss")
    # 指定接着从哪个epoch数开始训练
    parser.add_argument('--start_epoch', default=0, type=int, help='start epoch')
    # 训练的总epoch数
    parser.add_argument('--epochs', default=20, type=int, metavar='N',
                        help='number of total epochs to run')
    # 是否使用同步BN(在多个GPU之间同步)，默认不开启，开启后训练速度会变慢
    parser.add_argument('--sync_bn', type=bool, default=False, help='whether using SyncBatchNorm')
    # 数据加载以及预处理的线程数
    parser.add_argument('-j', '--workers', default=4, type=int, metavar='N',
                        help='number of data loading workers (default: 4)')
    # 训练学习率，这里默认设置成0.0001，如果效果不好可以尝试加大学习率
    parser.add_argument('--lr', default=0.0001, type=float,
                        help='initial learning rate')
    # SGD的momentum参数
    parser.add_argument('--momentum', default=0.9, type=float, metavar='M',
                        help='momentum')
    # SGD的weight_decay参数
    parser.add_argument('--wd', '--weight-decay', default=1e-4, type=float,
                        metavar='W', help='weight decay (default: 1e-4)',
                        dest='weight_decay')
    # 训练过程打印信息的频率
    parser.add_argument('--print-freq', default=20, type=int, help='print frequency')
    # 文件保存地址
    parser.add_argument('--output-dir', default='./multi_train', help='path where to save')
    # 基于上次的训练结果接着训练
    parser.add_argument('--resume', default='', help='resume from checkpoint')
    # 不训练，仅测试
    parser.add_argument(
        "--test-only",
        dest="test_only",
        help="Only test the model",
        action="store_true",
    )

    # 分布式进程数
    parser.add_argument('--world-size', default=1, type=int,
                        help='number of distributed processes')
    parser.add_argument('--dist-url', default='env://', help='url used to set up distributed training')
    # Mixed precision training parameters
    parser.add_argument("--amp", default=False, type=bool,
                        help="Use torch.cuda.amp for mixed precision training")

    args = parser.parse_args()

    # 如果指定了保存文件地址，检查文件夹是否存在，若不存在，则创建
    if args.output_dir:
        mkdir(args.output_dir)

    main(args)

• predict.py

import os
import time
import json

import torch
from torchvision import transforms
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image

from src import fcn_resnet50


def time_synchronized():
    torch.cuda.synchronize() if torch.cuda.is_available() else None
    return time.time()


def main():
    aux = False  # inference time not need aux_classifier
    classes = 20
    weights_path = "./save_weights/model_2.pth"
    img_path = "./test.jpeg"
    palette_path = "./palette.json"
    assert os.path.exists(weights_path), f"weights {weights_path} not found."
    assert os.path.exists(img_path), f"image {img_path} not found."
    assert os.path.exists(palette_path), f"palette {palette_path} not found."
    with open(palette_path, "rb") as f:
        pallette_dict = json.load(f)
        pallette = []
        for v in pallette_dict.values():
            pallette += v

    # get devices
    device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
    print("using {} device.".format(device))

    # create model
    model = fcn_resnet50(aux=aux, num_classes=classes+1)

    # delete weights about aux_classifier
    weights_dict = torch.load(weights_path, map_location='cpu')['model']
    for k in list(weights_dict.keys()):
        if "aux" in k:
            del weights_dict[k]

    # load weights
    model.load_state_dict(weights_dict)
    model.to(device)

    # load image
    original_img = Image.open(img_path)

    # from pil image to tensor and normalize
    data_transform = transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(520),
                                         transforms.ToTensor(),
                                         transforms.Normalize(mean=(0.485, 0.456, 0.406),
                                                              std=(0.229, 0.224, 0.225))])
    img = data_transform(original_img)
    # expand batch dimension
    img = torch.unsqueeze(img, dim=0)

    model.eval()  # 进入验证模式
    with torch.no_grad():
        # init model
        img_height, img_width = img.shape[-2:]
        init_img = torch.zeros((1, 3, img_height, img_width), device=device)
        model(init_img)

        t_start = time_synchronized()
        output = model(img.to(device))
        t_end = time_synchronized()
        print("inference+NMS time: {}".format(t_end - t_start))

        prediction = output['out'].argmax(1).squeeze(0)
        prediction = prediction.to("cpu").numpy().astype(np.uint8)
        mask = Image.fromarray(prediction)
        mask.putpalette(pallette)
        mask.save("test_result.png")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

测试图片：

预测结果：