一、查看内核是否支持KVM虚拟化

针对ARM架构服务器，若/dev/kvm 和 /sys/module/kvm任意一个不存在，都说明内核不支持KVM虚拟化

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /dev/kvm
crw-rw----+ 1 root kvm 10, 232 May  6 09:18 /dev/kvm
 
[root@localhost ~]# ls /sys/module/kvm
parameters  uevent

扩展说明：
针对X86服务器，查看是否支持KVM虚拟化的命令如下：

#若是intel cpu，命令执行结果是vmx；若是amd cpu，命令执行结果是svm；
[root@localhost ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo

二、关闭核心防护和防火墙

[root@localhost ~]# sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config 
[root@localhost network-scripts]# getenforce
Enforcing

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable firewalld
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable iptables

三、配置网桥br0和静态IP

• 使用ifconfig命令查看当前处于UP状态并且处于RUNNING状态的网卡接口

[root@localhost network-scripts]# ifconfig | grep RUNNING
enahisic2i1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536

• 基于网卡 enahisic2i1 的网络配置文件，复制生成网桥br0的网络配置文件

  cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enahisic2i1 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
  

• 修改网桥br0的网络配置文件，其中需要配置宿主机的静态IP

#Type使用桥接
TYPE=Bridge
#IP分配协议改为静态分配
BOOTPROTO=static
#修改NAME为br0
NAME=br0
#修改DEVICE为br0
DEVICE=br0
ONBOOT=yes
#宿主机的静态IP
IPADDR=192.168.110.66
#子网掩码
PREFIX=24
#网关
GATEWAY=192.168.110.1
#DNS
DNS1=114.114.114.114

• 修改处于UP状态且处于RUNNING状态的网卡 enahisic2i1 的网络配置文件

TYPE=Ethernet
#Type使用Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=static
#IP分配协议改为静态分配
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=eui64
NAME=enahisic2i1
UUID=2205bd6f-9005-4c6e-92a6-ca7ad19e974f
DEVICE=enahisic2i1
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0  
#指定桥接设备为br0          

• 重启网络

#华为openeuler系统使用该命令，其他linux系统可以使用systemctl restart network
[root@localhost ~]# nmcli con reload; nmcli con up enahisic2i1

• 查看网络连接

##如果配置成功，会有以下输出：
[root@localhost network-scripts]# brctl show
bridge name	bridge id		STP enabled	interfaces
br0		8000.48570264e74c	no		enahisic2i1
virbr0		8000.5254006e8ff6	yes	

• 设置ip转发

##修改内核参数
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

四、安装GNOME桌面环境

##更新系统
[root@localhost ~]# yum update -y   
 
##安装字库
[root@localhost ~]# yum install dejavu-fonts liberation-fonts 
                    gnu-*-fonts google-*-fonts -y
 
##安装Xorg
[root@localhost ~]# yum install xorg-* -y
 
##这可能会安装很多没用的包，可以使用下面的命令安装必要的xorg相关包
[root@localhost ~]# yum install xorg-x11-apps xorg-x11-drivers xorg-x11-drv-ati 
    xorg-x11-drv-dummy xorg-x11-drv-evdev xorg-x11-drv-fbdev xorg-x11-drv-intel 
    xorg-x11-drv-libinput xorg-x11-drv-nouveau xorg-x11-drv-qxl 
    xorg-x11-drv-synaptics-legacy xorg-x11-drv-v4l xorg-x11-drv-vesa 
    xorg-x11-drv-vmware xorg-x11-drv-wacom xorg-x11-fonts xorg-x11-fonts-others 
    xorg-x11-font-utils xorg-x11-server xorg-x11-server-utils xorg-x11-server-Xephyr 
    xorg-x11-server-Xspice xorg-x11-util-macros xorg-x11-utils xorg-x11-xauth 
    xorg-x11-xbitmaps xorg-x11-xinit xorg-x11-xkb-utils -y
 
##安装GNOME及组件
[root@localhost ~]# yum install adwaita-icon-theme atk atkmm at-spi2-atk 
    at-spi2-core baobab 
    abattis-cantarell-fonts cheese clutter clutter-gst3 clutter-gtk cogl dconf 
    dconf-editor devhelp eog epiphany evince evolution-data-server file-roller folks 
    gcab gcr gdk-pixbuf2 gdm gedit geocode-glib gfbgraph gjs glib2 glibmm24 
    glib-networking gmime30 gnome-autoar gnome-backgrounds gnome-bluetooth 
    gnome-builder gnome-calculator gnome-calendar gnome-characters 
    gnome-clocks gnome-color-manager gnome-contacts gnome-control-center 
    gnome-desktop3 gnome-disk-utility gnome-font-viewer gnome-getting-started-docs 
    gnome-initial-setup gnome-keyring gnome-logs gnome-menus gnome-music 
    gnome-online-accounts gnome-online-miners gnome-photos gnome-remote-desktop 
    gnome-screenshot gnome-session gnome-settings-daemon gnome-shell 
    gnome-shell-extensions gnome-software gnome-system-monitor gnome-terminal 
    gnome-tour gnome-user-docs gnome-user-share gnome-video-effects 
    gnome-weather gobject-introspection gom grilo grilo-plugins 
    gsettings-desktop-schemas gsound gspell gssdp gtk3 gtk4 gtk-doc gtkmm30 
    gtksourceview4 gtk-vnc2 gupnp gupnp-av gupnp-dlna gvfs json-glib libchamplain 
    libdazzle libgdata libgee libgnomekbd libgsf libgtop2 libgweather libgxps libhandy 
    libmediaart libnma libnotify libpeas librsvg2 libsecret libsigc++20 libsoup 
    mm-common mutter nautilus orca pango pangomm libphodav python3-pyatspi 
    python3-gobject rest rygel simple-scan sushi sysprof tepl totem totem-pl-parser 
    tracker3 tracker3-miners vala vte291 yelp yelp-tools 
    yelp-xsl zenity -y
 
##启动gdm显示管理器
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable gdm
 
##设置系统默认以图形界面登录
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target
 
##查询当前开机运行级别
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl get-default  
 
##重启生效
[root@localhost ~]# reboot

五、 安装KVM及所需组件

**说明：**如果宿主机没有安装图形桌面，则无需安装virt-manager。virt-manager(Virtual Machine Manager)是图形化虚机管理器，类似于Esxi的Web Console管理页面。

##安装KVM及所需组件
[root@localhost ~]# yum install virt-manager virt-install bridge-utils 
                    libvirt qemu-kvm virt-viewer libcanberra-gtk2  libiscsi  
                    dbus-devel  virt-clone dejavu-lgc-sans-fonts qemu-img 
                    libvirt-client virt-v2v libguestfs-tools xorg-x11-xauth -y
 
##查看virt-manager版本号
[root@localhost ~]# virt-manager --version

 
##查看virsh版本号
[root@localhost ~]# virsh --version    

 
##查看qemu-img版本号
[root@localhost ~]# qemu-img --version

 
##查看virt-install版本号
[root@localhost ~]# virt-install --version

六、修改sshd配置文件

[root@localhost ~]# sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
##确保该配置文件有如下内容
X11Forwarding yes
X11DisplayOffset 10
X11UseLocalhost no
PermitTunnel yes
 
##重启 sshd 服务
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart sshd

七、启动libvirt并设置开机自启动

##启动
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start libvirtd
 
##设置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable libvirtd
 
##查看libvirt服务是否启动成功
##若服务处于running状态，说明服务启动成功
##可以正常使用libvirt提供的virsh命令行工具
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status libvirtd

八、创建镜像目录和磁盘文件目录

##查看物理机磁盘空间
##通过df -hT发现/home目录空间最大
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem                 Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                   devtmpfs  4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /dev
tmpfs                      tmpfs     220G     0  220G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      tmpfs      88G   60M   88G   1% /run
tmpfs                      tmpfs     4.0M     0  4.0M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/openeuler-root ext4       69G   15G   51G  23% /
tmpfs                      tmpfs     220G     0  220G   0% /tmp
/dev/sda2                  ext4      974M  204M  704M  23% /boot
/dev/sda1                  vfat      599M  6.0M  593M   2% /boot/efi
/dev/mapper/openeuler-home ext4      1.7T  174G  1.5T  11% /home
tmpfs                      tmpfs      44G   72K   44G   1% /run/user/1003
 
##建立目录用来存放iso镜像文件
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /home/iso
 
##建立目录用来存放qcow2磁盘文件
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /home/qcow2

九、创建虚拟机的磁盘文件

##进入磁盘文件目录
[root@localhost ~]# cd /home/qcow2

##创建虚拟机的磁盘文件
##这里创建了一个名为vm1.qcow2，空间为400GB的动态扩展的qcow2格式的磁盘
##这里的400GB只是磁盘的最大值，没有被写入数据前只有不到200KB大小
[root@localhost ~]# qemu-img create -f qcow2 vm1.qcow2 400G
Formatting 'vm1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 extended_l2=off compression_type=zlib size=429496729600 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 cache=writeback

##查看磁盘文件vm1.qcow2的卷信息，里面disk size是其实际占用的宿主机磁盘大小
##上面的400GB只是磁盘的最大值，这里可以看到，没有被写入数据前只有200KB大小
[root@localhost ~]# qemu-img info vm1.qcow2
image: vm1.qcow2
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 400 GiB (429496729600 bytes)
disk size: 200 KiB
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
    compat: 1.1
    compression type: zlib
    lazy refcounts: false
    refcount bits: 16
    corrupt: false
    extended l2: false

十、图形化创建虚拟机

跳过创建过程

开始安装，配置语言、时区、安装源、网络、密码等信息。

Installation

1) [x] Language settings                 2) [x] Time settings
       (English (United States))                (Asia/Shanghai timezone)
2) [!] Installation source               4) [!] Software selection
       (Processing...)                          (Processing...)
3) [!] Installation Destination          6) [!] Network configuration
       (Processing...)                          (Not connected)
4) [!] Root password                     8) [!] User creation
       (Root account is disabled)               (No user will be created)

Please make a selection from the above ['b' to begin installation, 'q' to quit,
'r' to refresh]: 5 <=======输入5然后按Enter键，设置安装目录

Probing storage...

================================================================================
Installation Destination

1) [x] QEMU HARDDISK: 400 GiB (sda)

1 disk selected; 400 GiB capacity; 400 GiB free

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to
refresh]: c <=======输入c继续

================================================================================

Partitioning Options

1) [ ] Replace Existing Linux system(s)
2) [x] Use All Space
3) [ ] Use Free Space
4) [ ] Manually assign mount points

Installation requires partitioning of your hard drive. Select what space to use
for the install target or manually assign mount points.

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to

refresh]: c <=======输入c继续

================================================================================
Partition Scheme Options

1) [ ] Standard Partition
2) [ ] Btrfs
3) [x] LVM
4) [ ] LVM Thin Provisioning

Select a partition scheme configuration.

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to

refresh]: 1 <=======输入1然后按Enter键，选择Standard Partition

================================================================================
Partition Scheme Options

1) [x] Standard Partition
2) [ ] Btrfs
3) [ ] LVM
4) [ ] LVM Thin Provisioning

Select a partition scheme configuration.

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to

refresh]: c <=======输入c继续

================================================================================
Installation

1) [x] Language settings                 2) [x] Time settings
       (English (United States))                (Asia/Shanghai timezone)
2) [x] Installation source               4) [x] Software selection
       (Local media)                            (Minimal Install)
3) [x] Installation Destination          6) [ ] Network configuration
       (Automatic partitioning                  (Not connected)
       selected)
4) [!] Root password                     8) [!] User creation
       (Root account is disabled)               (No user will be created)

Please make a selection from the above ['b' to begin installation, 'q' to quit,

'r' to refresh]: 7 <=======输入7然后按Enter键，设置root账号的密码

================================================================================
Root password

1) [ ] SM3 encrypt

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to

refresh]: 1 <=======输入1然后按Enter键，选择SM3加密方式

================================================================================
Root password

1) [x] SM3 encrypt

Please make a selection from the above ['c' to continue, 'q' to quit, 'r' to

refresh]: c <=======输入c继续

================================================================================
Root password

Please select new root password. You will have to type it twice.

Password: <=======输入密码然后按Enter键，这里不会反显

Password (confirm): <=======再次输入确认密码，然后按Enter键，这里也不会反显

================================================================================
Installation

1) [x] Language settings                 2) [x] Time settings
       (English (United States))                (Asia/Shanghai timezone)
2) [x] Installation source               4) [x] Software selection
       (Local media)                            (Minimal Install)
3) [x] Installation Destination          6) [ ] Network configuration
       (Automatic partitioning                  (Not connected)
       selected)
4) [x] Root password                     8) [ ] User creation
       (Root password is set)                   (No user will be created)

Please make a selection from the above ['b' to begin installation, 'q' to quit,

'r' to refresh]: b <=======输入b然后按Enter键就开始安装

================================================================================
......
......
Installation complete

Use of this product is subject to the license agreement found at:
/usr/share/openEuler-release/EULA

Installation complete. Press ENTER to quit:<=======安装完成，按Enter键重启虚拟机

重启后就进入到虚拟机的登录界面
......
[  OK  ] Finished OpenEuler Security Tool.
[FAILED] Failed to start Network Manager Wait Online.  <======= 该问题可以忽略，登陆虚拟机，配置网络后即可解决
See 'systemctl status NetworkManager-wait-online.service' for details.
[  OK  ] Reached target Network is Online.
         Starting Crash recovery kernel arming...
         Starting Notify NFS peers of a restart...
         Starting System Logging Service...
[  OK  ] Started Notify NFS peers of a restart.
[  OK  ] Started System Logging Service.
[  OK  ] Reached target Multi-User System.
         Starting Record Runlevel Change in UTMP...
[  OK  ] Finished Record Runlevel Change in UTMP.
[  OK  ] Finished Crash recovery kernel arming.

localhost login: 

登录成功后，这时，如果要退出虚拟机，按 Ctrl + ] 即可。

十一、KVM虚拟机常见管理命令

## 从虚拟机退出到宿主机
[root@localhost ~]# Ctrl + ]
 
## 查看KVM进程 
[root@localhost ~]# ps axu |grep kvm       
 
## 查看libvirt的版本信息                  
[root@localhost ~]# virsh version   
 
## 列出当前有多少个虚拟机，以及其状态                         
[root@localhost ~]# virsh list    
 
## 列出当前有多少个虚拟机，包括关机状态的虚拟机                           
[root@localhost ~]# virsh list --all           
 
## 进入指定的虚拟机，进入的时候还需要按一下回车              
[root@localhost ~]# virsh console vm1                    
 
## 编辑虚拟机的配置    
[root@localhost ~]# virsh edit vm1       
 
## 使用XML文件创建一个虚拟机                    
[root@localhost ~]# virsh create vm1.xml            
 
## 使用XML文件定义一个虚拟机，但是不启动
[root@localhost ~]# virsh define vm1.xml     
 
## 启动虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh start vm1                          
 
## 重启虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh reboot vm1       
 
## 关闭虚拟机，比较优雅地做法，按部就班的关闭虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh shutdown vm1                    
 
## 强制停止虚拟机，是比较暴力的做法,相当于物理机的直接关闭电源
[root@localhost ~]# virsh destroy vm1                        
 
## 彻底销毁虚拟机，会删除虚拟机配置文件，但不会删除虚拟磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# virsh undefine vm1 --nvram               
 
## 设置宿主机开机时该虚拟机也开机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh autostart vm1       
 
## 解除开机启动
[root@localhost ~]# virsh autostart --disable vm1       
 
## 列出开机自动启动的虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh list --autostart        
 
## 挂起虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh suspend vm1                     
 
## 恢复挂起的虚拟机
[root@localhost ~]# virsh resume vm1                         
 
## 当机器是运行状态时，卸载虚拟磁盘命令(只是当前有效，重启后又回来了)
[root@localhost ~]# virsh detach-disk vm1 sdb        
 
## 永久添加磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# virsh attach-disk vm1 
                    /var/lib/libvirt/images/disk1/additional/vm1/file1 sdb 
                    --subdriver=qcow2 --config --live --persistent                                                 
## 查看虚拟机有几块网卡 
[root@localhost ~]# virsh domiflist vm1           
 
## 查看虚拟机的磁盘
[root@localhost ~]# virsh domblklist vm1                     
 
## 查看虚拟机的cpu数量
[root@localhost ~]# virsh vcpucount vm1